Process for the preparation of furopyrroles

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of furopyrroles of general formula (I), comprising (a) heating a compound of the formula (II) under microwave irradiation optionally in the presence of an inert solvent, wherein A 1  and A 2  are C 1 -C 18 alkyl, C 2 -C 18 alkenyl, C 2 -C 18 alkynyl, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5- C 8 cycloalkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, A 3  is hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, cyanomethyl, Ar 3 , —CR 30 R 31 —(CH 2 ) m —Ar 3  or Y—R 32 , wherein R 30  and R 31  independently of each other stand for hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or phenyl which can be substitute up to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl, Ar 3  stands for aryl, C 5 -C 8  cloalkyl, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 9 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, halogen or phenyl, which can be substituted with C 1 -C 8 alkyI or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy one to three times, and m stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R is C 1‘-C   18 alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 alkyl, aryl, in particular phenyl, or aralkyl, in particular benzyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, or halogen, Y is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, —SO 2 NH— or —SO 2 — and R 32  is C 1 -C 18 alkyl, Ar 3 , or aralkyl. The furopyrroles of the general formula (I) can be can be obtained in high yield and high purity by the process of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a microwave assisted rapid and economical process for the preparation of furopyrroles of the general formula I, comprising (a) heating a compound of the formula II under microwave irradiation optionally in the presence of an inert solvent. The furopyrroles of the general formula I can be obtained in high yield and high purity by the process of the present invention.

WO03022848 disdoses a process for the preparation of furopyrroles of the general formula I, comprising heating a compound of the formula

in an inert solvent,

wherein A¹ and A² have the meanings as given below and R is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄alkyl, aryl, in particular phenyl, or aralkyl, in particular benzyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or halogen. Examples of inert solvents include, but are not limited to, aromatic solvents, like biphenyl, para-, meta or ortho-terphenyl, dibenzyltoluene, α-methyl- or β-methyinaphthalene, cydic carbonates, like 1,3dioxolan-2-one, ketones, like acetophenone or benzophenone, γ-butyrolactone and ethylene glycols, like Phe-Cellosolve or Bu-Cellosove, or mixtures thereof, in particular mixtures of di- and triarylethers (Dowtherm A®).

It has now surprisingly been found, that the 3,6-diphenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-diones (furopyrroles) of formula I can be obtained in higher yield by carrying out the above reaction under microwave radiation. The yield of the ring dosure of ethyl 4-benzoyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate to 3,6-diphenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione is, for example, increased from 40 to 86% by the microwave assisted process according to the present invention. Moreover, we have observed that the preparation of this lactone (a versatile DPP precursor) requires lesser time (1 to 10 minutes) under microwave irradiation while ring closure of the compound of formula II takes 60 hours when conducted without microwave radiation (conventional method). In addition, the solvent can be omitted in the microwave assisted ring closure, which makes the above process further cost effective.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of furopyrroles of the general formula

comprising

(a) heating a compound of the formula

under microwave irradiation optionally in the presence of an inert solvent,

wherein A¹ and A² are C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₂-C₁₈-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈alkynyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl,

A³ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, cyanomethyl, Ar³, —CR³⁰R³¹—(CH₂)_(m)—Ar³ or Y—R³², wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ independently of each other stand for hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, or phenyl which can be substituted up to three times with C₁-C₄alkyl,

Ar³ stands for aryl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cydoalkenyl or heteroaryl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl, which can be substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl or C₁-C₈alkoxy one to three times, and m stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄alkyl, aryl, in particular phenyl, or aralkyl, in particular benzyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or halogen,

Y is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, C(O)NH—, —SO₂NH— or —SO₂— and

R³² is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, Ar³, or aralkyl.

If desired, the process of the present invention can be carried out in the presence of an inert solvent. Examples of inert solvents include, but are not limited to, aromatic solvents, like biphenyl, para-, meta or ortho-terphenyl, dibenzyltoluene, α-methyl- or β-methylnaphthalene, cyclic carbonates, like 1,3dioxolan-2-one, ketones, like acetophenone or benzophenone, γ-butyrolactone and ethylene glycols, like Phe-Cellosolve or Bu-Cellosove, or mixtures thereof, in particular mixtures of di- and triarylethers (Dowtherm A®).

In a preferred embodiment the compound of the formula II is heated for about 1 to 60 minutes at a temperature of 180 to 280° C., preferably 180-230° C., with or without solvent, under microwave irradiation.

A microwave furnace suitable for the irradiating the composition comprises a microwave source, microwave frequency range selector, a microwave frequency modulator to modulate the microwave frequency across the selected frequency range, microwave forward power controller to select the forward power setting, a thermocouple, an infrared temperature sensor or other temperature measuring means, and a microwave forward power on/off controller to turn the forward power on and off in response to the temperature of the composition. Frequency modulation increases the uniformity of the power distribution throughout the furnace cavity, thereby heating the composition uniformly. Suitable microwave furnaces are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,321,222 and 5,961,871 to Bible et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,038 to Fathi et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,360 to Johnson et al. A presently preferred microwave furnace is commercially available from CEM, Inc., as model Discover®. The Discover® System incorporates temperature and pressure feedback systems, for example, an infrared temperature sensor positioned below the reaction vessel, for complete control of the reaction.

It is preferred that the reaction mixture be irradiated in a vessel transparent to microwave radiation in the frequency range employed.

The samples, comprising the compounds of formula II and optionally the solvent, are advantageously heated in pressurized tubes, such as, for example, sealed glass tubes, whereby the pressure is allowed to increase up to 25·10⁵ Pa. Preferably the pressure is between 1 to 14·10⁵ Pa.

The selection of the actual microwave frequency range will depend on the reactants, but will generally be about 0.9 to about 2.45 GHz. Selection of a forward power input will depend on the nature of the reactants. For example, in the synthesis of 3-(p-bromophenyl)6-phenyl furo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione, a preferred forward power level is about 150 to 300 watts. As described in WO03022848 the furopyrroles of formula I can be used as crystal growth regulators and are intermediates in the synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrroles, which can be obtained by reacting a compound of formula I with a primary amine of the formula A⁴-NH₂ (IV), wherein a DPP of formula

is obtained, wherein A⁴ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl or Ar³, and A¹, A² and A³ are as defined above.

The reaction between the compound of the general formula I and the primary amine or the mixture of primary amines is carried out in a suitable inert solvent or dispersant

Suitable solvents or dispersants are, for example, ethers, in particular those having 2 to 8 carbon atoms in the molecule, such as, for example, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, di-n-propyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl n-butyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl n-propyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, bis-β-methoxyethyl ether; oligoethylene glycol dimethyl ethers, such as, for example, pentaglyme; aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as, for example, hexane, heptane, low- and high-boiling petroleum ethers; cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, such as, for example, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, tetralin, decalin; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as, for example, benzene, toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, ethylbenzene; halogenated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene; nitriles, such as, for example, acetonitrile; amides, such as, for example, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone; hexamethylphosphoric triamide; and sulfoxides, such as, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide. Mixtures of various solvents can also be used.

The reaction is preferably carried out in a dipolar or non-polar aprotic solvent. Examples of preferred aprotic solvents are: dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetramethylurea, acetonitrile, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, nitromethane, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, benzonitrile, nitrobenzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride. Particularly preferred aprotic solvents are chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride, of which chloroform is particularly preferred.

The reaction between the compound of the general formula I and the primary amine IV is carried out in the presence of a dehydrating agent. Examples of suitable dehydrating or water-eliminating agents of this type are: N,N′-disubstituted carbodiimides, in particular if they contain at least one secondary or tertiary alkyl radical, such as, for example, diisopropyl-, dicyclohexyl- or N-methyl-N′-tert.-butylcarbodiimide (cf. “The Chemistry of Ketenes, Allenes and Related Compounds”, Part 2, Editor: S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons 1980, 722-753). Dicycdohexylcarbodiimide is particularly suitable.

The reaction between the compound of the formula I and the primary amine IV can be carried out, for example, at temperatures from −10° C. up to the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture used. In many cases it is carried out at −10 to 30° C. and preferably at room temperature. 0.9 to 1.4 mol, preferably 1.0 to 1.3 mol of the primary amine IV are in general employed per mole of compound of the general formula I. The reaction can be catalyzed by adding a strong non-aqueous acid such as trifluoroacetic acid.

The primary amines IV are known or can be easily prepared by the methods known for the preparation of these class of compound.

The starting compound of the formula Ia, wherein A³ is different from a hydrogen atom, is obtained by reacting a compound of the formula

with a compound of the formula A³-X (V), wherein A¹, A² and A³ have the meanings as given above and X is a leaving group. The reaction between the compound of the general formula Ia and the compound of the formula V is carried out in a suitable inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride (NaH) or sodium hexamethyidisilazane (NaHMDS), at a temperature ranging from 20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent. The term leaving groups means a group, such as iodo, bromo or chloro, benzene- or p-toluenesulfonate. Processes for the introduction of A³ into compounds of the formula Ia are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,878.

Suitable alkylating agents are, for example, alkyl halides, in particular alkyl iodides, reactive alkyl esters, in particular alkyl esters of sulfonic acids, such as, for example, alkyl esters of benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid. Suitable arylating agents are for example activated aryl compounds such as 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro-benzene.

The starting compound of the formula IIa is obtained by reacting a compound of the formula

with an ester of the formula A²-CO₂R (VII) in the presence of a base, such as for example NaH or NaHMDS at a temperature ranging from 25° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, wherein R, A¹ and A² have the meanings as given above. The starting compounds of the formula VI are known or can be prepared in analogy to processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,971, U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,795, U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,305 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,775.

Alternatively, compounds of the formula

wherein A³ is different from a hydrogen atom and is in particular aryl, can be prepared by a copper catalyzed decomposition of diazoacetates in the presence of enaminoamides (G. Maas, A. Müller, J. prakt. Chem. 340 (1998) 315-322):

In addition, compounds of formula (VIII) wherein A³ is aryl can be obtained by reacting a compound of formula (IIb) with an amine A³-NH₂:

Preferably, the lactone of formula (IIb) is reacted with aniline to afford the N-phenyl pyrrolinone ester of formula (VIII) as described in more detail in Example 4.

The compounds of the formula VI, wherein A³ is different from a hydrogen atom and is in particular aryl, can be reacted to compounds of the formula III as described above.

In addition, DPP of formula (III) wherein A¹ and A² are C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈alkynyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl,

A³ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, cyanomethyl, Ar³, —CR³⁰R³¹—(CH₂)_(m)—Ar³ or Y—R³², wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ independently of each other stand for hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, or phenyl which can be substituted up to three times with C₁-C₄alkyl,

Ar³ stands for aryl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl, which can be substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl or C₁-C₈alkoxy one to three times, and m stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,

R is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄alkyl, aryl, in particular phenyl, or aralkyl, in particular benzyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or halogen,

Y is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, —SO₂NH— or —SO₂—,

R³² is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, Ar³, or aralkyl, and

A⁴ is hydrogen

can also directly be obtained by reacting a compound of formula (VIII) with a nitrile A²-CN, wherein A¹, A² and A³ have the meanings as given above:

Further, the compound of the formula III can be reacted with a compound of the formula A⁵-X, wherein A⁵ has the meaning of A³ as given above and X is a leaving group. The reaction between these compounds is carried out in a suitable inert solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride (NaH) or sodium hexamethyidisilazane (NaHMDS), at a temperature ranging from 20° C. to the boiling point of the solvent. The term “leaving group” means a group, such as iodo, bromo or chloro, benzene- or p-toluenesulfonate.

Suitable alkylating agents are, for example, alkyl halides, in particular alkyl iodides, reactive alkyl esters, in particular alkyl esters of sulfonic acids, such as, for example, alkyl esters of benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid. Suitable arylating agents are for example activated aryl compounds such as 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro-benzene.

One preferred embodiment concerns DPPs of general formula III wherein residues A¹ and A² are different from phenyl.

The DPPs of the general formula III show a high heat stability, a good solubility in polymers, hydrocarbon based fuels, lubricants, and water, a high light stability, and the ability to be used in plastics, especially polyamides, without decomposition and loss of lightfastness, and in paints; and can show photo- and electroluminescence as well as solid state fluorescence. The residues A¹ and A² are in general selected from C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈alkynyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl, in particular cydohexyl, C₅-C₈cydoalkenyl, such as cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl and cyclohexenyl, in particular cyclohex3-enyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

Diketopyrrolopyrroles, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkylmercapto, di(C₁-C₁₈alkyl)amino, C₁-C₁₈alkylamino, C₁-C₁₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₁₈alkylaminocarbonyl, —CN, —NO₂, trifluoromethyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, —C═N—(C₁-C₁₈alkyl), phenyl,

imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, triazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl, —CONX⁵X⁶, —C(O)OX⁷ or —SO₂X⁹; wherein X⁵ and X6 are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀cydoalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁷ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁹ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl or —NX¹⁰X¹¹, wherein X¹⁰ and X¹¹ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl,

G is —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH═N—, —N═N—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CONH— or —NR⁷—, R³ and R⁴are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy or —CN, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R⁷ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl are preferred, wherein radicals of the formula

wherein R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, chloro, bromo, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylamino, phenyl or CN,

G is —O—, —NR⁷—, —N═N— or —SO₂—,

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, and

R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl are further preferred and diketopyrrolopyrrole analogues, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

wherein R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, chloro, bromo, phenyl or CN are particularly preferred for the preparation of inks, colorants, pigmented plastics for coatings, non-impact-printing material, color filters, cosmetics, polymeric ink partides, toners.

In the case of electroluminescence applications the following residues are preferred for A¹ and A²:

wherein R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, halogen, halo-C₁-C₈alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a nitro group, a silyl group or a siloxanyl group and R²⁴ is a C₁-C₆alkyl group. Preferably R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy or C₁-C₈alkylthio, wherein the following residues are particularly preferred:

The residue A³ is in general selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, cyanomethyl, Ar₃, —CR³⁰R³¹—(CH₂)_(m)—Ar³ or Y—R³², wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ independently of each other stand for hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, or phenyl which can be substituted up to three times with C₁-C₃alkyl, Ar³ stands for aryl, in particular phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl, C₅-C₈cydoalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cydohexyl, cydoheptyl and cydooctyl, in particular cydohexyl, C₅-C₈cydoalkenyl, in particular cyclopentenyl, cydopentadienyl and cyclohexenyl, or heteroaryl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl, which can be substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl or C₁-C₈alkoxy one to three times, and m stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, Y is —C(O), —C(O)O, —C(O)NH—, —SO₂NH— or —SO₂— and R³² is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, Ar³, or aralkyl.

A³ is preferably hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, Y—R³² wherein Y is —C(O)— and R³² is

wherein R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₄alkyl, —O—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —S—C₁-C₄alkyl and —(CH₂)_(m)—Ar wherein m is 1 and Ar is a group of the formula

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl.

Examples of preferred residues Ar are

wherein R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are independently of each other methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, tert.-butoxy or chlorine.

The residue A⁴ is in general selected from C₁-C₁₈alkyl or Ar³, in particular Ar³, wherein A⁴ is preferably

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl.

The furopyrroles of the formula I are intermediates in the process for the preparation of the diketopyrrolopyrroles of the formula III and, as described in WO03022848, can be used as crystal growth regulators, wherein the term “regulating the crystal growth” refers to controlling the synthesis of pigment particles to have a suitable pigmentary size and/or a narrow particle size distribution as well as directing the growth of the crystals to generate particles of a specifically desired shape, such as platelet, needle, cubic, leaflet, prismatic and other geometric forms and/or of a specifically desired rheology. Consequently, the better control of the crystal growth affords samples with a narrower particle size distribution and/or a better crystal shape, or both. The effect can be influenced by the chemical structure of the organic pigment, the selection of the reaction media and the concentration and chemical structure of the inventive particle growth regulator.

If used as crystal growth regulator the furopyrroles of the formula I are present in amount of from about 0.1-20%, especially from 1.0 to 10.0%, based on primary pigment weight. Although DPPs are preferred as primary pigment, the use of diverse pigment moieties is likewise available where the respective pigments are color compatible.

Examples of applicable organic primary pigments are: anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, perinone, perylene, dioxazine, diketopyrrolopyrrole, thioindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone, quinacridone, quinacridonequinone, flavanthrone, indanthrone, anthrapyrimidine or quinophthalone pigments, and solid solutions comprising these pigments. Preferred organic pigments are quinacridones, phthalocyanines, anthraquinones, perylenes, diketopyrrolopyrroles, isoindolinones and indanthrones.

When the pigment compositions are prepared, the diketopyrrolopyrrole analogues of the formula I can be added during the pigment synthesis, during the fine dispersion process, before or after a finishing process by methods well-known in the art (cf. WO03022848).

Furopyrroles of the formula I, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, C₁-C₁₈alkylmercapto, C₁-C₁₈alkylamino, C₁-C₁₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₁₈alkylaminocarbonyl, —CN, —NO₂, trifluoromethyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, —C═N—(C₁-C₁₈alkyl), phenyl,

imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl, —CONX⁵X⁶, —C(O)OX⁷, —SX⁹, —OX⁹, or —SO₂X⁹; wherein X⁵ and X⁶ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁷ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁹ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₈-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cydoalkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl or —NX¹⁰X¹¹, wherein X¹⁰ and X¹¹ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl,

G is CH₂, —CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH═N—, —N═N—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —CONH— or —NR⁷—, R³ and R⁴ are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy or —CN, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R⁷ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl are preferred, wherein radicals of the formula

wherein R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, chloro, bromo, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylamino, phenyl or CN, —CONX⁵X⁶, —SX⁹, —SOX⁹, or —SO₂X⁹; or —SO₂X⁹; wherein X⁵ and X⁶ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₄-alkyl, X⁹ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₈-alkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl or —NX¹⁰X¹¹, wherein X¹⁰ and X¹¹ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl;

G is —O—, —NR⁷—, —N═N—, —S—, —SO— or —SO₂—,

R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, and

R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl are further preferred and diketopyrrolopyrrole analogues, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

wherein R¹ and R²are independently of each other hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl or tert-butyl, halogen, such as chloro or bromo, C₁₋₄alkoxy or C₁₋₄-thioalkyl, phenyl or CN or —SO₂X⁹, wherein X⁹ is C₁₋₄alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or NX¹⁰X¹¹, wherein X¹⁰ and X¹¹ are hydrogen, C₁₋₄-alkyl, benzyl or phenyl are particularly preferred.

A³ is preferably hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, Y—R³² wherein Y is —C(O)— and R³² is

wherein R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₄alkyl, —O—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —S—C₁-C₄alkyl and —CH₂)_(m)—Ar wherein m is 1 and Ar is a group of the formula

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl.

C₁-C₁₈alkyl is typically linear or branched—where possible—and examples of C₁-C₁₈alkyl are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl and octadecyl. C₁-C₈alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl is preferred. C₁-C₄alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl or tert.-butyl is particularly preferred. The term “C₂-C₁₈alkenyl group” means an unsaturated linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing one or more double bonds, in particular C₂₋₈-alkenyl, such as vinyl, allyl, 2-propen-2-yl, 2-buten-1-yl, 3-buten-1-yl, 1,3-butadien-2-yl, 2-penten-1-yl, 3-penten-2yl, 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yl, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-yl, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl and 1,4-pentadien-3-yl. The term “C₂-C₈alkynyl group” means an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a triple bond, in particular C₂-C₈-alkynyl such as ethynyl, 1-propyn-1-yl, 2-butyn-1-yl, 3-butyn-1-yl, 2-pentyn-1-yl and 3-pentyn-2-yl.

Examples of C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, which can be linear or branched, are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec.-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert.-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutoxy and 2-ethylhexoxy, wherein C₁-C₄alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec.-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert.-butoxy is preferred. Examples of C₁-C₁₈alkylmercapto are the same groups as mentioned for the alkoxy groups, except that the oxygen atom of the ether linkage is replaced by a sulphur atom. Examples and preferences for C₁-C₁₈alkyl in C₁-C₁₈alkylamino and C₁-C₁₈alkylaminocarbonyl are the same as mentioned for C₁-C₁₈alkyl. Examples and preferences for C₁-C₁₈alkoxy in C₁-C₁₈alkoxycarbonyl are the same as mentioned for C₁-C₁₈alkoxy.

The term “aryl group” is typically C₆-C₂₄aryl, such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, phenanthryl, terphenyl, pyrenyl, 2- or 9-fluorenyl or anthracenyl, preferably C₆-C₁₂aryl such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4biphenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “aralkyl group” is typically C₇-C₂₄aralkyl, such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, β-phenylethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenylbutyl, ω,ω-dimethyl-ω-phenylbutyl, ω-phenyldodecyl, ω-phenyloctadecyl, ω-phenyleicosyl or ω-phenyidocosyl, preferably C₇-C₁₈aralkyl such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, β-phenylethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenylbutyl, ω,ω-dimethyl-ω-phenylbutyl, ω-phenyldodecyl or ω-phenyloctadecyl, and particularly preferred C₇-C₁₂aralkyl such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, β-phenyl-ethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenyl-butyl, or ω,ω-dimethyl-ω-phenyl-butyl, in which both the aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbon group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

Examples of C₅-C₈cycloalkyl are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted. The term “C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl group” means an unsaturated alicyclic hydrocarbon group containing one or more double bonds, such as cyclopentenyl, cydopentadienyl and cyclohexenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” is a ring with five to seven ring atoms, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically an unsaturated heterocydic radical with five to 18 atoms having at least six conjugated π-electrons such as thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, dibenzo[b,d]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furfiuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl or phenoxazinyl.

Examples of a halogen atom are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

If the above-mentioned substituents can be substituted, possible substituents are C₁-C₈alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, halogen, halo-C₁-C₈alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a nitro group, a silyl group or a siloxanyl group.

As described in WO03022848 the DPPs of the general formula III can be used for the preparation of

-   -   inks for printing inks in printing processes, for flexographic         printing, screen printing, packaging printing, security ink         printing, intaglio printing or offset printing, for pre-press         stages and for textile printing, for office, home applications         or graphics applications, such as for paper goods, for example,         for ballpoint pens, felt tips, fiber tips, card, wood, (wood)         stains, metal, inking pads or inks for impact printing processes         (with impact-pressure ink ribbons), for the preparation of     -   colorants for coating materials, for industrial or commercial         use, for textile decoration and industrial marking, for roller         coatings or powder coatings or for automotive finishes, for         high-solids (low-solvent), water-containing or metallic coating         materials or for pigmented formulations for aqueous paints, for         the preparation of     -   pigmented plastics for coatings, fibers, platters or mold         carriers, for the preparation of     -   non-impact-printing material for digital printing, for the         thermal wax transfer printing process, the ink jet printing         process or for the thermal transfer printing process, and also         for the preparation of         -   color filters, especially for visible light in the range             from 400 to 700 nm, for liquid-crystal displays (LCDS) or             charge combined devices (CCDs) or for the preparation of     -   cosmetics or for the preparation of     -   polymeric ink partides, toners, dye lasers, dry copy toners         liquid copy toners, or electrophotographic toners, and         electroluminescent devices.

The following examples illustrate various embodiments of the invention, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.

The microwave generator used was a CEM Discover® model, with a circular single mode cavity design, that focuses the microwave radiation on the sample. The sample was contained in a sealed glass tube, whereby the pressure was allowed to increase to a maximum of 20.69·10⁵ Pa (300 p.s.i.). The maximum operating power of this device was 300 watts. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were obtained at 300 and 75 MHz respectively, and coupling constants are in Hz. Mass spectral measurements were obtained using chemical ionisation at 70 eV, with isobutane as carrier gas.

EXAMPLES Example 1

3,6-Diphenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (2)

Ethyl 4-benzoyl-4,5-dihydron-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate 1 (99.5 mg, 0.296 mmol, prepared as previously reported in WO03022848) was irradiated with microwave radiation (at a frequency of 2 to 45 GHz, and a forward power of 300 Watts) without solvent, heating to 250° C. for 10 minutes. The crude product was then allowed to cool, methanol was added and the solid filtered off and washed with methanol. This gave the furopyrrole 2 as an orange solid (73 mg, 86%). Decomp>300° C.

δ_(H) (DMSO d₆) 11.87 (1H, s, NM, 8.12-8.23 (4H, dm, Ar—H) and 7.48-7.54 (6H, m, Ar—H); δ_(C) (DMSO d₆) 161.4, 159.3 (2×C═O), 152.2, 148.1 (2× quat.), 132.8, 132.6, 129.1 (2C), 128.0, 127.0 (6×Ar C—H), 126.8, 126.4, 115.8, 102.8(4× quat.).

Comparative Example 1 (Example 1 of WO03022848)

A mixture of ethyl 4-benzoyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate 1 (10 g, 0.0299 mol) and Dowtherm A (200 ml) was heated to 230-240° C. under nitrogen for 64 h. The solution was then cooled to 25° C. and added dropwise to petrol ether 40-60 (300 ml) upon which a fluorescent orange solid precipitated. This was filtered off, washed with further hexane and dried in vacuo. Yield 3.48 g (40%).

Example 2

a) p-Bromobenzoyl Chloride (3)

p-Bromobenzoic acid was purified by dissolving in NaOH (aq) and washing the solution with dichloromethane, followed by acidification of the aqueous layer with dilute aqueous HCl, and extraction with EtOAc. The acid (4.00 g, 0.0182 mol), oxalyl chloride (4.634 g, 3.185 ml, 0.0364 mol), and a catalytic amount of DMF was stirred overnight at room temperature in DCM (40 ml). Evaporation of the solvents and excess reagents gave the acid chloride 3 as an off-white solid. m.p. 38-40° C.

b) Ethyl 4-(p-bromobenzoyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate (5)

To sodium hydride (590 mg, 14.75 mmol) was added THF (40 ml), and the pyrrolinone ester 4 (852 mg, 3.69 mmol). After stirring for 30 mins at room temperature, a solution of p-bromobenzoyl chloride (809.5 mg, 3.69 mmol) in THF (10 ml) and a catalytic amount of DMAP, was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature ovemight. 10% HCl (aq) was added, and the organic component extracted with diethyl ether. Concentration in vacuo and recrystallisation from ethanol gave the enol 5 as a yellow crystalline solid (665 mg, 44%). M.p. 189° C.; δ_(H) (DMSO d-₆) 11.90 (1H, s, NH), 7.72-7.82 (2H, m, ArH), 7.58-7.66 (4H, m, ArH), 7.42-7.53 (3H, m, ArH), 3.72 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃) and 0.9 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃); m/z 416 (M+1 ¹⁸Br, 100%), 414 (M+1 ⁷⁹Br, 96%) 347, 319, 317, 296

c) 3-(p-Bromophenyl)-6-phenyl furo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (6)

The p-bromobenzoylpyrrolinone ester 5 (154 mg, 0.37 mmol) was irradiated with microwave radiation (at a frequency of 2 to 45 GHz, and a forward power of 300 Watts) without solvent, heating to 250° C. for 10 minutes. The crude product was then allowed to cool, methanol was added and the solid filtered off and washed with methanol. This gave the furopyrrole 6 as a red solid (129 mg, 94%). M.p. 295° C. (subl., decomp.); δ_(H) (DMSO d₆) 11.88 (1H, s, NH), 8.13-8.17 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.98 and 7.66 (2×2H, AA′BB′, J 8.7, C₆H₄) and 7.43-7.47 (3H, m, Ar—H); m/z 370 (M+1 ⁸¹Br, 94%) and 368 (M+1 ⁷⁹Br, 100%).

d) 5-Methyl-3-(p-bromophenyl)-6-phenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (7)

A mixture of furopyrrole 6 (1.5 g, 4.08 mmol), methyl tosylate (1.14 g, 6.12 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.13 g, 8.16 mmol) and dimethylformamide was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was then added, and the organic component extracted with DCM. The solvent was removed, and washing with water then methanol gave the methylated compound 7 as a red solid (0.831 g, 53%), m.p. 215-216° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.19 and 7.61 (each 2H, AA′BB′, p-C₆H₄Br), 7.78-7.73 (2H, m, o-Ph), 7.54-7.50 (3H, m, m/p-Ph) and 3.38 (3H, s, NCH₃). λ_(max) (abs) (DCM)/nm 454 (ε 15,878)

e) 2-Methyl-5-phenyl-6-(p-Bromophenyl)-3-phenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (8)

A mixture of furopyrrole 7 (300 mg, 0.79 mmol), aniline (146 mg, 1.57 mmol), DCC (323 mg, 1.57 mmol), trifluoroacetic acid (2-3 drops) and DCM was stirred at room temperature for 144 hours. The solvent was removed, and washing with methanol gave the pyrrolopyrrole 8 as a red solid (173 mg, 55%), m.p. 255-256° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 7.88-7.83 (2H, m, Ar—H (5H, m, Ar—H), 7.40-7.26 (5H, m, Ar—H), 7.12-7.07 (2H, m, Ar—H) and 3.35 (3H, s, NCH₃)

Example 3

a) Ethyl 4-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-2-phenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate (11)

The pyrrolinone ester 9 (6.35 g, 27.5 mmol) was added to a mixture of sodium hydride (2.0 g, 82.5 mmol) and THF (1 litre), and this was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 10 was then added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Methanol was added, followed by water and the mixture acidified with HCl. The organic component was extracted with diethyl ether and the solvent evaporated. Washing with methanol gave the nitro compound 11 as a yellow solid (6.31 g, 60%). δ_(H) (DMSO-d₆) 11.95 (1H, s, NH), 8.30 and 7.84 (each 2H, AA′BB′, Ar), 7.56-7.50 (2H, m, o-Ph), 7.45-7.35 (3H, m, m/p-Ph), 3.62 (2H, q, OCH₂CH₃) and 0.75 (3H, t, OCH₂CH₃). m/z (ESI-ve) 380 (22%, M⁺), 379 [100%, (M−1)]⁺

b) 3-(p-Nitrophenyl)-6-phenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (12)

The p-nitrobenzoylpyrrolinone ester 11 (300 mg, 0.90 mmol) was irradiated with microwave radiation without solvent, heating to 270° C. for 15 minutes. The crude product was then allowed to cool, methanol was added and the solid filtered off and washed with methanol. This gave the furopyrrole 12 as a red solid (230 mg, 87%).

δ_(H) (DMSO-d₆) 12.15 (1H, s, NH), 8.38 (4H, s, p-C₆H₄NO₂), 8.34-8.28 (2H, m, o-Ph) and 7.69-7.58 (3H, m, m/p-Ph). m/z (ESI-ve) 334 (21%, M⁺), 333 [100%, (M−1)]⁺

c) 5-Methyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-6-phenylfuro[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (13)

A mixture of furopyrrole 12 (0.9 g, 2.7 mmol), methyl tosylate (750 mg, 4.04 mmol), potassium carbonate (1 g, 7.2 mmol) and dimethyl formamide was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was then added, and the organic component extracted with DCM. The solvent was removed, and washing with water then methanol gave the methylated compound 13 as a red solid (0.652 g, 70%), m.p. 253-255° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.55 and 8.38 (4H, AA′BB′, Ar), 7.88-7.84 (2H, m, o-Ph), 7.65-7.60 (3H, m, m/p-Ph) and 3.49 (3H, s, NCH₃). λ_(max) (abs) (DCM)/nm 482 (

17,462)

d) 2-Methyl-5′-phenyl-6-(p-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (14)

A mixture of furopyrrole 13 (100 mg, 0.29 mmol), aniline (53 mg, 0.57 mmol), DCC (118 mg, 0.57 mmol), trifluoroacetic acid (2-3 drops) and DCM was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The solvent was removed, and washing with methanol gave the pyrrolopyrrole 14 as a red solid (63 mg, 52%), m.p. 233-235° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.16 and 7.81 (each 2H, AA′BB′, p-C₈H₄NO₂), 7.98-7.93 (2H, m, o-Ph), 7.60-7.55 (3H, m, m/p-Ph), 7.44-7.36 (3H, m, m/p-Ph), 7.20-7.15 (2H, m, o-Ph) and 3.45 (3H, s, NCH₃). α_(max) (abs) (DCM)/nm 493 (ε 14,014)

Example 4

a) Ethyl 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1,2-diphenylprrole-3-carboxylate (16)

Aniline (2.65 g, 2.59 ml, 0.0285 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 5-oxo-2-phenyl4,5-dihydro-furan-3-carboxylate 15 (made via the literature method described in F. Gaudemar-Bardone, M. Mladenova, R. Couffignal, Synthesis, 1985, 1043) (6.0 g, 0.0259 mmol) and acetic acid (100 ml), and the solution heated to relux for 3 hours. The solution was then cooled, diluted with water and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic extracts were dried and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel, eluent dichloromethane) gave the lactam 16 as a colourless solid (6.9 g, 87% ), m.p. 129-130° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 7.32-7.15 (8H, m, Ar—H), 6.98-6.93 (2H, m, o-Ph-N), 4.08 (2H, q, OCH₂CH₃, J 6.9), 3.67 (2H, s, CH₂) and 1.11 (3H, t, OCH₂CH₃, J 6.9)

b) Ethyl 4-benzoyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1,2-diphenylpyrrole-3-carboxylate (17)

A solution of pyrrolinone ester 16 (1.76 g, 5.74 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was cooled to −78° C., and a 1.0 M solution of lithium hexamethyidisilazide (17.2 ml, 17.2 mmol) in THF was added. After 5 minutes, benzoyl chloride (0.97 g, 0.79 ml, 6.89 mmol) was added, and the solution stirred for 30 mins. Methanol was added, and the solution warmed to room temperature. The mixture was acidified (aqueous HCl) and extracted with diethyl ether. The ether extracts were dried and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel, eluent dichloromethane) gave the enol 17 as a yellow solid (1.74 g, 74%), m.p. 137-139° C. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 7.75-7.68 (2H, m, Ar), 7.54-7.44 (3H, m, Ar), 7.34-7.19 (8H, m, Ar), 7.14-7.07 (2H, m, Ar), 3.54 (2H, q, CH₂, J 7.2) and 0.65 (3H, t, CH₃, J 7.2)

c) 3,5,6-triphenyl-1H-furo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(5H)-dione (18)

Benzoyl pyrrolinone ester 17 (74 mg) was irradiated with microwave radiation (at 300 Watts) without solvent, heating to 200° C. for 10 minutes. The crude product was then allowed to cool, methanol was added and the solid filtered off and washed with methanol. This gave the furopyrrole 18 as an orange solid (34 mg, 52%), m.p 230-232° C. (lit. [H. Langhals, T. Grundei, T. Potrawa, K. Polborn, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1996, 679] 230-232° C.). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 8.48-8.42 (2H, m, Ar—H) and 7.61-7.20 (13H, m, Ar—H)

d) 2,3,5,6-Tetraphenyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (19)

Can be prepared starting from the intermediate 18 as described in H. Langhals, T. Grundei, T. Potrawa, K. Polborn, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1996, 679.

e) 2,3,6-triphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (21)

N-phenyl pyrrolinone ester 16 (663 mg, 2.16 mmol) and benzonitrile (446 mg, 440 μl, 4.3 mmol) were added successively to a solution of sodium t-amyl oxide [from sodium (150 mg, 6.5 mmol) and t-amyl alcohol (4.0 ml)], and the mixture heated to reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was then cooled, and acidified (dilute aqueous HCl) and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were then dried and the solvent evaporated. Precipitation from methanol, followed by filtraton gave the triphenyl pyrrolopyrrole 21 as a bright orange solid (18 mg, 3%), m.p. 390° C. (decomp). δ_(H) (DMSO d₆) 11.54 (1H, s, NM, 8.55 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.57-7.67 (5H, m, Ar—H), 7.38-7.54 (6H, m, Ar—H), 7.29-7.33 (2H, m, Ar—H; m/z (LCMS) 363.96 (30%, M), 362.95 (100%, M-H); λ_(max) abs (DMSO)/nm 269 (ε/24,550), 303 (15,720) 470 (22,580) and 498 (23,640) 

1. A process for the preparation of furopyrroles of the general formula

comprising (a) heating a compound of the formula

under microwave irradiation optionally in the presence of an inert solvent, wherein A¹ and A² are C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, C₂-C₁₈alkynyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl, A³ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, cyanomethyl, Ar³, —CR³⁰R³¹—(CH₂)_(m)—Ar³ or Y—R³²whrein R³⁰ and R³¹ independently of each other stand for hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, or phenyl which can be substituted up to three times with C₁-C₄alkyl, Ar³ stands for aryl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl or heteroaryl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl, which can be substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl or C₁-C₈alkoxy one to three times, and m stands for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, in which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or halogen, Y is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, —SO₂NH— or —SO₂— and R³² is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, Ar³, or aralkyl.
 2. The process according to claim 1, comprising in addition reacting a compound of formula I with a primary amine of the formula A⁴-NH₂ (IV), wherein a DPP of formula

is obtained, wherein A⁴ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl or Ar³, wherein Ar³, A¹ , A² and A³ are defined as in claim
 1. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the compound of the formula I, wherein A³ is different from a hydrogen atom, is obtained by reacting a compound of the formula

with a compound of the formula A³-X (V), wherein A¹ , A² and A³ have the meanings as given in claim 1 and X is a leaving group.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₈alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, C₁-C₁₈alkylmercapto, C₁-C₁₈alkylamino, C₁-C₁₈alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₁₈alkylaminocarbonyl, —CN, —NO₂, trifluoromethyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, —C═N— (C₁-C₁₈alkyl), phenyl,

imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, triazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl, —CONX⁵X⁶, —C(O)OX⁷ or —SO₂X⁹; wherein X⁵ and X⁶ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁷ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, X⁹ is hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-alkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl or —NX¹⁰X¹¹, wherein X¹⁰ and X¹¹ are hydrogen, linear or branched C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₇₋₁₀-aralkyl or C₆₋₁₀-aryl, G is —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH═N—, —N═N—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —SO₂NH—, —CONH— or —NR⁷—, R³ and R⁴are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₁₈alkoxy or —CN, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, and R⁷ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; or A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

wherein R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently of each other hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₁-C₈alkylthio, halogen, halo-C₁-C₈alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a nitro group, a silyl group or a siloxanyl group and R²⁴ is a C₁-C₆alkyl group.
 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein A¹ and A² are radicals of the formula

wherein R¹ and R² are independently of each other hydrogen, chloro, bromo, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylamino, phenyl or CN, G is —O—, —NR⁷—, —N═N— or —SO₂—, R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, and R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
 6. The process according to claim 4, wherein A³ is cyanomethyl, C₁-C₈alkyl Y—R³² wherein Y is —C(O)— and R³² is

wherein R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₄alkyl, —O—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —S—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—Ar wherein m is 1 and Ar is a group of the formula

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl.
 7. The process according to claim 4, wherein A⁴ is

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl.
 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starting compound of formula (II)

is obtained by reacting a compound of formula (VIII) with an acyl halide A²-COX:

wherein R, A¹ and A² have the same meaning as given in claim 1, A³ is aryl, and X is halogen.
 9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the compound of formula (VIII) is obtained by reacting a compound of formula (IIb) with an amine A³-NH₂:

wherein R and A¹ have the same meaning as given in claim 1 and A³ is aryl
 10. The process according to claim 8, wherein A²-COX is benzoyl chloride and A³-NH₂ is aniline.
 11. A process for the preparation of a DPP of general formula:

comprising reacting a compound of formula (VIII) with a nitrile A²-CN, preferably

wherein A¹, A² and A³ have the meanings as given in claim
 1. 12. A DPP of general formula (III)

wherein A¹, A² and A³ have the meanings as given in claim
 1. 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein R is C₁-C₄alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or halogen.
 14. A process according to claim 5, wherein A³is cyanomethyl, C₁-C₈alkyl, Y—R³² wherein Y is —C(O)— and R³² is

wherein R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₄alkyl, —O—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —S—C₁-C₄alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—Ar wherein m is 1 and Ar is a group of the formula

which can be substituted one to three times with C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or phenyl. 